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- <ul>
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Inheritance</a><ul>
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#nesting-blocks">Nesting Blocks</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#rendering-a-named-block-multiple-times">Rendering a Named Block Multiple Times</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#but-what-about-defs">But what about Defs?</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-next-namespace-to-produce-content-wrapping">Using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">next</span></code> Namespace to Produce Content Wrapping</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-parent-namespace-to-augment-defs">Using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parent</span></code> Namespace to Augment Defs</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-include-with-template-inheritance">Using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%include></span></code> with Template Inheritance</a></li>
- <li><a class="reference internal" href="#inheritable-attributes">Inheritable Attributes</a></li>
- </ul>
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-
- <div class="section" id="inheritance">
- <span id="inheritance-toplevel"></span><h1>Inheritance<a class="headerlink" href="#inheritance" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
- <div class="admonition note">
- <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
- <p class="last">Most of the inheritance examples here take advantage of a feature that’s
- new in Mako as of version 0.4.1 called the “block”. This tag is very similar to
- the “def” tag but is more streamlined for usage with inheritance. Note that
- all of the examples here which use blocks can also use defs instead. Contrasting
- usages will be illustrated.</p>
- </div>
- <p>Using template inheritance, two or more templates can organize
- themselves into an <strong>inheritance chain</strong>, where content and
- functions from all involved templates can be intermixed. The
- general paradigm of template inheritance is this: if a template
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">A</span></code> inherits from template <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">B</span></code>, then template <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">A</span></code> agrees
- to send the executional control to template <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">B</span></code> at runtime
- (<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">A</span></code> is called the <strong>inheriting</strong> template). Template <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">B</span></code>,
- the <strong>inherited</strong> template, then makes decisions as to what
- resources from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">A</span></code> shall be executed.</p>
- <p>In practice, it looks like this. Here’s a hypothetical inheriting
- template, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.html</span></code>:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## index.html</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">inherit</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"base.html"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> this is some header content</span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x">this is the body content.</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>And <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code>, the inherited template:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## base.html</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"><html></span>
- <span class="x"> <body></span>
- <span class="x"> <div class="header"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </div></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> <div class="footer"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"footer"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> this is the footer</span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </div></span>
- <span class="x"> </body></span>
- <span class="x"></html></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>Here is a breakdown of the execution:</p>
- <ol class="arabic">
- <li><p class="first">When <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.html</span></code> is rendered, control immediately passes to
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code>.</p>
- </li>
- <li><p class="first"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code> then renders the top part of an HTML document,
- then invokes the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%block</span> <span class="pre">name="header"></span></code> block. It invokes the
- underlying <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">header()</span></code> function off of a built-in namespace
- called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self</span></code> (this namespace was first introduced in the
- <a class="reference internal" href="namespaces.html"><span class="doc">Namespaces chapter</span></a> in <a class="reference internal" href="namespaces.html#namespace-self"><span class="std std-ref">self</span></a>). Since
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.html</span></code> is the topmost template and also defines a block
- called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">header</span></code>, it’s this <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">header</span></code> block that ultimately gets
- executed – instead of the one that’s present in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code>.</p>
- </li>
- <li><p class="first">Control comes back to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code>. Some more HTML is
- rendered.</p>
- </li>
- <li><p class="first"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code> executes <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self.body()</span></code>. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">body()</span></code>
- function on all template-based namespaces refers to the main
- body of the template, therefore the main body of
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.html</span></code> is rendered.</p>
- </li>
- <li><p class="first">When <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%block</span> <span class="pre">name="header"></span></code> is encountered in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.html</span></code>
- during the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self.body()</span></code> call, a conditional is checked – does the
- current inherited template, i.e. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code>, also define this block? If yes,
- the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%block></span></code> is <strong>not</strong> executed here – the inheritance
- mechanism knows that the parent template is responsible for rendering
- this block (and in fact it already has). In other words a block
- only renders in its <em>basemost scope</em>.</p>
- </li>
- <li><p class="first">Control comes back to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code>. More HTML is rendered,
- then the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%block</span> <span class="pre">name="footer"></span></code> expression is invoked.</p>
- </li>
- <li><p class="first">The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">footer</span></code> block is only defined in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code>, so being
- the topmost definition of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">footer</span></code>, it’s the one that
- executes. If <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.html</span></code> also specified <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">footer</span></code>, then
- its version would <strong>override</strong> that of the base.</p>
- </li>
- <li><p class="first"><code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code> finishes up rendering its HTML and the template
- is complete, producing:</p>
- <div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="p">></span>
- this is some header content
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
- this is the body content.
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"footer"</span><span class="p">></span>
- this is the footer
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- </li>
- </ol>
- <p>...and that is template inheritance in a nutshell. The main idea
- is that the methods that you call upon <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self</span></code> always
- correspond to the topmost definition of that method. Very much
- the way <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self</span></code> works in a Python class, even though Mako is
- not actually using Python class inheritance to implement this
- functionality. (Mako doesn’t take the “inheritance” metaphor too
- seriously; while useful to setup some commonly recognized
- semantics, a textual template is not very much like an
- object-oriented class construct in practice).</p>
- <div class="section" id="nesting-blocks">
- <h2>Nesting Blocks<a class="headerlink" href="#nesting-blocks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>The named blocks defined in an inherited template can also be nested within
- other blocks. The name given to each block is globally accessible via any inheriting
- template. We can add a new block <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">title</span></code> to our <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">header</span></code> block:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## base.html</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"><html></span>
- <span class="x"> <body></span>
- <span class="x"> <div class="header"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> <h2></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"title"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </h2></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </div></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> <div class="footer"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"footer"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> this is the footer</span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </div></span>
- <span class="x"> </body></span>
- <span class="x"></html></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>The inheriting template can name either or both of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">header</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">title</span></code>, separately
- or nested themselves:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## index.html</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">inherit</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"base.html"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> this is some header content</span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">header</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"title"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> this is the title</span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x">this is the body content.</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>Note when we overrode <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">header</span></code>, we added an extra call <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">${parent.header()}</span></code> in order to invoke
- the parent’s <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">header</span></code> block in addition to our own. That’s described in more detail below,
- in <a class="reference internal" href="#parent-namespace"><span class="std std-ref">Using the parent Namespace to Augment Defs</span></a>.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="rendering-a-named-block-multiple-times">
- <h2>Rendering a Named Block Multiple Times<a class="headerlink" href="#rendering-a-named-block-multiple-times" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>Recall from the section <a class="reference internal" href="defs.html#blocks"><span class="std std-ref">Using Blocks</span></a> that a named block is just like a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code>,
- with some different usage rules. We can call one of our named sections distinctly, for example
- a section that is used more than once, such as the title of a page:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x"><html></span>
- <span class="x"> <head></span>
- <span class="x"> <title></span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></title></span>
- <span class="x"> </head></span>
- <span class="x"> <body></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> <h2></span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"title"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></h2></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </body></span>
- <span class="x"></html></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>Where above an inheriting template can define <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%block</span> <span class="pre">name="title"></span></code> just once, and it will be
- used in the base template both in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><title></span></code> section as well as the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><h2></span></code>.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="but-what-about-defs">
- <h2>But what about Defs?<a class="headerlink" href="#but-what-about-defs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>The previous example used the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%block></span></code> tag to produce areas of content
- to be overridden. Before Mako 0.4.1, there wasn’t any such tag – instead
- there was only the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code> tag. As it turns out, named blocks and defs are
- largely interchangeable. The def simply doesn’t call itself automatically,
- and has more open-ended naming and scoping rules that are more flexible and similar
- to Python itself, but less suited towards layout. The first example from
- this chapter using defs would look like:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## index.html</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">inherit</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"base.html"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> this is some header content</span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x">this is the body content.</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>And <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code>, the inherited template:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## base.html</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"><html></span>
- <span class="x"> <body></span>
- <span class="x"> <div class="header"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">header</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </div></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> <div class="footer"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">footer</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </div></span>
- <span class="x"> </body></span>
- <span class="x"></html></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header()"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"footer()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> this is the footer</span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>Above, we illustrate that defs differ from blocks in that their definition
- and invocation are defined in two separate places, instead of at once. You can <em>almost</em> do exactly what a
- block does if you put the two together:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x"><div class="header"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header()"</span><span class="cp">></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">>${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">header</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"></div></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%block></span></code> is obviously more streamlined than the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code> for this kind
- of usage. In addition,
- the above “inline” approach with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code> does not work with nesting:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x"><head></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> <title></span>
- <span class="x"> ## this won't work !</span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"title()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x">default title</span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">>${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </title></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">>${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">header</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"></head></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>Where above, the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">title()</span></code> def, because it’s a def within a def, is not part of the
- template’s exported namespace and will not be part of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self</span></code>. If the inherited template
- did define its own <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">title</span></code> def at the top level, it would be called, but the “default title”
- above is not present at all on <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self</span></code> no matter what. For this to work as expected
- you’d instead need to say:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="x"><head></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header()"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> <title></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </title></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">def</span><span class="cp">>${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">header</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">def</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"title()"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"></head></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>That is, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">title</span></code> is defined outside of any other defs so that it is in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self</span></code> namespace.
- It works, but the definition needs to be potentially far away from the point of render.</p>
- <p>A named block is always placed in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self</span></code> namespace, regardless of nesting,
- so this restriction is lifted:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## base.html</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"><head></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> <title></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"title"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </title></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"></head></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>The above template defines <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">title</span></code> inside of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">header</span></code>, and an inheriting template can define
- one or both in <strong>any</strong> configuration, nested inside each other or not, in order for them to be used:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## index.html</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">inherit</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"base.html"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"title"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> the title</span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> the header</span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>So while the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%block></span></code> tag lifts the restriction of nested blocks not being available externally,
- in order to achieve this it <em>adds</em> the restriction that all block names in a single template need
- to be globally unique within the template, and additionally that a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%block></span></code> can’t be defined
- inside of a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code>. It’s a more restricted tag suited towards a more specific use case than <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%def></span></code>.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="using-the-next-namespace-to-produce-content-wrapping">
- <h2>Using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">next</span></code> Namespace to Produce Content Wrapping<a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-next-namespace-to-produce-content-wrapping" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>Sometimes you have an inheritance chain that spans more than two
- templates. Or maybe you don’t, but you’d like to build your
- system such that extra inherited templates can be inserted in
- the middle of a chain where they would be smoothly integrated.
- If each template wants to define its layout just within its main
- body, you can’t just call <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self.body()</span></code> to get at the
- inheriting template’s body, since that is only the topmost body.
- To get at the body of the <em>next</em> template, you call upon the
- namespace <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">next</span></code>, which is the namespace of the template
- <strong>immediately following</strong> the current template.</p>
- <p>Lets change the line in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code> which calls upon
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self.body()</span></code> to instead call upon <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">next.body()</span></code>:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## base.html</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"><html></span>
- <span class="x"> <body></span>
- <span class="x"> <div class="header"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </div></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="nb">next</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> <div class="footer"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"footer"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> this is the footer</span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </div></span>
- <span class="x"> </body></span>
- <span class="x"></html></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>Lets also add an intermediate template called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">layout.html</span></code>,
- which inherits from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code>:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## layout.html</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">inherit</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"base.html"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"><ul></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"toolbar"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> <li>selection 1</li></span>
- <span class="x"> <li>selection 2</li></span>
- <span class="x"> <li>selection 3</li></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"></ul></span>
- <span class="x"><div class="mainlayout"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="nb">next</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"></div></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>And finally change <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.html</span></code> to inherit from
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">layout.html</span></code> instead:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## index.html</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">inherit</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"layout.html"</span><span class="cp">/></span>
- <span class="cp">## .. rest of template</span><span class="x"></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>In this setup, each call to <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">next.body()</span></code> will render the body
- of the next template in the inheritance chain (which can be
- written as <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span> <span class="pre">-></span> <span class="pre">layout.html</span> <span class="pre">-></span> <span class="pre">index.html</span></code>). Control
- is still first passed to the bottommost template <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code>,
- and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self</span></code> still references the topmost definition of any
- particular def.</p>
- <p>The output we get would be:</p>
- <div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="p">></span>
- this is some header content
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>selection 1<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>selection 2<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>selection 3<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"mainlayout"</span><span class="p">></span>
- this is the body content.
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"footer"</span><span class="p">></span>
- this is the footer
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>So above, we have the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><html></span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><body></span></code> and
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">header</span></code>/<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">footer</span></code> layout of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code>, we have the
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><ul></span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">mainlayout</span></code> section of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">layout.html</span></code>, and the
- main body of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.html</span></code> as well as its overridden <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">header</span></code>
- def. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">layout.html</span></code> template is inserted into the middle of
- the chain without <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">base.html</span></code> having to change anything.
- Without the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">next</span></code> namespace, only the main body of
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.html</span></code> could be used; there would be no way to call
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">layout.html</span></code>‘s body content.</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="using-the-parent-namespace-to-augment-defs">
- <span id="parent-namespace"></span><h2>Using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parent</span></code> Namespace to Augment Defs<a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-parent-namespace-to-augment-defs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>Lets now look at the other inheritance-specific namespace, the
- opposite of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">next</span></code> called <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parent</span></code>. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parent</span></code> is the
- namespace of the template <strong>immediately preceding</strong> the current
- template. What’s useful about this namespace is that
- defs or blocks can call upon their overridden versions.
- This is not as hard as it sounds and
- is very much like using the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">super</span></code> keyword in Python. Lets
- modify <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index.html</span></code> to augment the list of selections provided
- by the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">toolbar</span></code> function in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">layout.html</span></code>:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## index.html</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">inherit</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"layout.html"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> this is some header content</span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"toolbar"</span><span class="cp">></span>
- <span class="cp">## call the parent's toolbar first</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">parent</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">toolbar</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> <li>selection 4</li></span>
- <span class="x"> <li>selection 5</li></span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x">this is the body content.</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>Above, we implemented a <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">toolbar()</span></code> function, which is meant
- to override the definition of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">toolbar</span></code> within the inherited
- template <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">layout.html</span></code>. However, since we want the content
- from that of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">layout.html</span></code> as well, we call it via the
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parent</span></code> namespace whenever we want it’s content, in this case
- before we add our own selections. So the output for the whole
- thing is now:</p>
- <div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="p">></span>
- this is some header content
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>selection 1<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>selection 2<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>selection 3<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>selection 4<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>selection 5<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">li</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ul</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"mainlayout"</span><span class="p">></span>
- this is the body content.
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"footer"</span><span class="p">></span>
- this is the footer
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span>
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>and you’re now a template inheritance ninja!</p>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="using-include-with-template-inheritance">
- <h2>Using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%include></span></code> with Template Inheritance<a class="headerlink" href="#using-include-with-template-inheritance" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>A common source of confusion is the behavior of the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%include></span></code> tag,
- often in conjunction with its interaction within template inheritance.
- Key to understanding the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%include></span></code> tag is that it is a <em>dynamic</em>, e.g.
- runtime, include, and not a static include. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%include></span></code> is only processed
- as the template renders, and not at inheritance setup time. When encountered,
- the referenced template is run fully as an entirely separate template with no
- linkage to any current inheritance structure.</p>
- <p>If the tag were on the other hand a <em>static</em> include, this would allow source
- within the included template to interact within the same inheritance context
- as the calling template, but currently Mako has no static include facility.</p>
- <p>In practice, this means that <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%block></span></code> elements defined in an <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%include></span></code>
- file will not interact with corresponding <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%block></span></code> elements in the calling
- template.</p>
- <p>A common mistake is along these lines:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## partials.mako</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> Global Header</span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span>
- <span class="cp">## parent.mako</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">include</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"partials.mako"</span><span class="cp">></span>
- <span class="cp">## child.mako</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">inherit</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"parent.mako"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> Custom Header</span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>Above, one might expect that the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"header"</span></code> block declared in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">child.mako</span></code>
- might be invoked, as a result of it overriding the same block present in
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parent.mako</span></code> via the include for <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">partials.mako</span></code>. But this is not the case.
- Instead, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parent.mako</span></code> will invoke <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">partials.mako</span></code>, which then invokes
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"header"</span></code> in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">partials.mako</span></code>, and then is finished rendering. Nothing
- from <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">child.mako</span></code> will render; there is no interaction between the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"header"</span></code>
- block in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">child.mako</span></code> and the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"header"</span></code> block in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">partials.mako</span></code>.</p>
- <p>Instead, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parent.mako</span></code> must explicitly state the inheritance structure.
- In order to call upon specific elements of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">partials.mako</span></code>, we will call upon
- it as a namespace:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## partials.mako</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> Global Header</span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span>
- <span class="cp">## parent.mako</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">namespace</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"partials"</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"partials.mako"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">partials</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">header</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span>
- <span class="cp">## child.mako</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">inherit</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"parent.mako"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"header"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> Custom Header</span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>Where above, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">parent.mako</span></code> states the inheritance structure that <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">child.mako</span></code>
- is to participate within. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">partials.mako</span></code> only defines defs/blocks that can be
- used on a per-name basis.</p>
- <p>Another scenario is below, which results in both <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"SectionA"</span></code> blocks being rendered for the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">child.mako</span></code> document:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## base.mako</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp">${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"SectionA"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> base.mako</span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span>
- <span class="cp">## parent.mako</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">inherit</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"base.mako"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">include</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"child.mako"</span><span class="cp">></span>
- <span class="cp">## child.mako</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"SectionA"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> child.mako</span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>The resolution is similar; instead of using <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%include></span></code>, we call upon the blocks
- of <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">child.mako</span></code> using a namespace:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">## parent.mako</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">inherit</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"base.mako"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">namespace</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"child"</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"child.mako"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">block</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"SectionA"</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="n">child</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SectionA</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"></%</span><span class="nb">block</span><span class="cp">></span><span class="x"></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="inheritable-attributes">
- <span id="inheritance-attr"></span><h2>Inheritable Attributes<a class="headerlink" href="#inheritable-attributes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="namespaces.html#mako.runtime.Namespace.attr" title="mako.runtime.Namespace.attr"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">attr</span></code></a> accessor of the <a class="reference internal" href="namespaces.html#mako.runtime.Namespace" title="mako.runtime.Namespace"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Namespace</span></code></a> object
- allows access to module level variables declared in a template. By accessing
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">self.attr</span></code>, you can access regular attributes from the
- inheritance chain as declared in <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><%!</span> <span class="pre">%></span></code> sections. Such as:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%!</span>
- <span class="n">class_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"grey"</span>
- <span class="cp">%></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"><div class="</span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">attr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">class_</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x">"></span>
- <span class="x"> </span><span class="cp">${</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">body</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="cp">}</span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x"></div></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>If an inheriting template overrides <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">class_</span></code> to be
- <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"white"</span></code>, as in:</p>
- <div class="highlight-mako"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><%!</span>
- <span class="n">class_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"white"</span>
- <span class="cp">%></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="cp"><%</span><span class="nb">inherit</span> <span class="na">file=</span><span class="s">"parent.html"</span><span class="cp">/></span><span class="x"></span>
- <span class="x">This is the body</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>you’ll get output like:</p>
- <div class="highlight-html"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">div</span> <span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"white"</span><span class="p">></span>
- This is the body
- <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">div</span><span class="p">></span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <div class="admonition seealso">
- <p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
- <p class="last"><a class="reference internal" href="namespaces.html#namespace-attr-for-includes"><span class="std std-ref">Version One - Use Namespace.attr</span></a> - a more sophisticated example using
- <a class="reference internal" href="namespaces.html#mako.runtime.Namespace.attr" title="mako.runtime.Namespace.attr"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Namespace.attr</span></code></a>.</p>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div id="docs-bottom-navigation" class="docs-navigation-links">
- Previous:
- <a href="namespaces.html" title="previous chapter">Namespaces</a>
- Next:
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- <div id="docs-copyright">
- © Copyright the Mako authors and contributors.
- Documentation generated using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.5.3
- with Mako templates.
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="clearfix">
- <hr/>
- <div class="copyright">Website content copyright © by Michael Bayer.
- All rights reserved. Mako and its documentation are licensed
- under the MIT license. mike(&)zzzcomputing.com</div>
- </div>
- </div>
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